Green Extraction of Eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia Using Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Combined with Microwave-Assisted Method

Esmeralda Dwi Puspita; Iswahyudi Iswahyudi; Welinda Dyah Ayu; Islamudin Ahmad

doi:10.70392/jpns.v2i3.38

Authors

Esmeralda Dwi Puspita Universitas Mulawarman Author
Iswahyudi Iswahyudi PT. Borneo Riseta Naturafarm Author
Welinda Dyah Ayu Universitas Mulawarman Author
Islamudin Ahmad Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mulawarman Samarinda, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70392/jpns.v2i3.38

Keywords:

Eurycomanone, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Ionic Liquid, Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Background: Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is an endemic plant that has been utilized as a medicinal agent by communities in Kalimantan and Sumatra for an extended period. The entirety of E. longifolia, inclusive of its leaves, stems, and roots, has been utilized as a medicinal agent. The primary compound present in E. longifolia is eurycomanone, which is commonly found in the roots of the plant. Objective: This study aims to optimize the extraction of eurycomanone from E. longifolia roots using imidazolium-based ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl]) through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), applying response surface methodology (RSM) for statistical meodeling. Methods: A Box-Behnken design was employed to evaluate the effects of three independent variable including [BMIM][Cl]concentration, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio on eurycomanone content. Quantification was performed using a validated HPLC method, and model performance was assessed via analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The concentration of [BMIM][Cl] significantly influenced eurycomanone content (p<0.001), while extraction time and solid-liquid ratio showed no significant individual effects. The optimized condition yielded 0.4061 µg/mg of eurycomanone, closely matching the predicted value (0.3835 µg/mg). The model demonestreated good fit (R² = 0.8135) and non-significant Lack of Fit (p = 0.6566), indicating reliable predictive capability. Conclusion: MAE using [BMIM][Cl] is an effective and environmentally friendly approach for extracting eurycomanone. The developed model provides a robust framework for process optimization and potential scale-up in phytopharmaceutical applications.

References

Aggarwal, N. Ionic liquid-based green solvent for extraction and purification of natural pland products. Current Physical Chemistry 2024, 14(3), 184-193

Xiao, J., Chen, G., Li, N. Ionic liquid solutions as a green tool for the extraction and isolation of natural product. Mole-cules 2018, 23(7), 1765.

Lim, J.R., Chua, L.S., Mustaffa, A.A. Ionic liquid as green solvent and their applications in bioactive compounds extraction from plants. Process Biochemistry 2022, 122, 292-306.

Zhuo, Y., Cheng, H.L., Zhao, Y.G., Cui, H.R. Ionic liquids in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: A review. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 151.

Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., Wang, H. Multi-interactions in ionic liquids for natural product extraction. Molecules 2021, 26(1), 96.

Ahmad, I., Yanuar, A., Mulia, K., Mun’im, A. Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction: Fast and green extraction method of secondary metabolites on medicinal plant. Pharmacognosy Review 2018, 12(13), 20-26.

Segaran, A., Chua, L.S., Ismail, N.I.M. A narrative review on pharmacological significance of Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots. Longhua Chinese Medicine 2021, 4, 35.

Yang, W.Q., Tang, W., Huang, X.J., Song, J.G., Li, Y.Y., Xiong, Y., Fan, C.L., Wu, Z.L., Wang, Y., Ye, W.C. Quassinoids from roots of Eurycoma longifolia and their antiproliferation activities. Molecules 2021, 26(19), 5939.

Rehman, S.U., Choe, K., Yoo, H.H. Review on a traditional herbal medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its traditional uses, chemistry, evidence-based pharmacology and toxicology. Molecules 2016, 21(3), 331.

Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C., Anderson-Cook, C.M. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Opti-mization Using Designed Experiments. Wiley 2016.

Ahmad, I., Yanuar, A., Mulia, K., Mun’im, A. Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of pol-yphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth using response surface methodology. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed 2017, 7(7), 660-665.

Ahmad, I., Elya, B., Ismail, Y. I., Noviani, A., Kuncoro, H., Ambarwati, N.S.S. Design of ionic liquid-based micro-wave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclea barbata Miers. and its lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. J Applied Pharm Sci 2020, 10(4), 001-007.

Ahmad, I., Yanuar, A., Mulia, K., Mun’im, A. Application of ionic liquid as a green solvent for polyphenolics content extraction of Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth Herb. J Young Pharm 2017, 9(4), 486.

Demirel, C., Kabutey, A., Herak, D., Sedlacek, A., Mizera, C., Dajbiych, O. Using Box-Behnken Design coupled with response surface methodology for optimizing rapessed oil expression paramters under heating and freezing conditions. Processes, 2022, 10, 490.

Khari N, Aisha FA, Ismail Z. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of eurycoma-none in Eurycoma longifolia extracts and commercial products. Trop J Pharm Res 2014, 13(5), 801–807.

Mingmuang J, Chuennang-chee V, Sakpetch A, Niumsakul, S., Ontong, S., Chansuvanich, N. Quantitative analysis of eurycomanone in Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Root) by HPLC. J Thai Trad Alt Med 2018, 16(1), 3–15.

Yunianto P, Nurhadi, Supriyono A. Isolasi, Validasi metode dan optimasi awal proses ekstraksi senyawa penanda Euryco-manone dari akar tanaman Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia). Chimica et Natura Acta 2017, 5(2), 70–76.

International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). ICH Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Method-ology. Geneva: ICH 2005.

Harmita. Pedoman validasi metode analisis. Majalah Ilmu Farmasi 2004, 1(3), 117–135.

Aisha, F.A., Abu-Salah, K.M., Ismail, Z., Majid, A.M. Validation of a HPLC method for quantification of eurycomanone in Eurycoma longifolia extracts. Pharmacogn Res 2012, 4(3), 153–158.

Carr, G.P. Validation of HPLC Methods for Pharmaceutical Analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1990, 8(8–12), 613–618.

McDaniel, J.G., Verma, A. On the miscibility and immiscibility of ionic liquids and water. J Physic Chem B 2019, 123(25), 5343-5356.

Malik, K., Setyaningrum, D., Wulansari, L., Andayani, A., Shihran, L.P., Fauziyyah, I. Penentuan Jenis Pelarut Terbaik Terhadap Kadar Eurycumanone Pada Ekstraksi Akar Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma Longifolia Jack). Jurnal Penelitian dan Karya Ilmiah Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Trisakti 2023, 387-398.

Istiqamah F, Anwar K, Hadi S. Optimasi suhu dan waktu ekstraksi akar pasak bumi menggunakan metode RSM dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Pharmascience 2021, 8(1), 53–64.