Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Natural Sciences
The Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Natural Sciences (J. Pharm. Nat. Sci. or JPNS) The Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Natural Sciences (J. Pharm. Nat. Sci. or JPNS) publishes original papers, review articles, and scientific commentaries on all aspects of pharmacy and natural sciences depending on their conceptual novelty and scientific quality. The journal accepts articles in these multidisciplinary fields, focusing on topics relevant to the Basic and Advanced Natural Sciences; Pharmaceutical Sciences which include Computer-Aided Drug Design, Drug Regulatory Affairs, Pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Microbiology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry and Ethnobotany, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy Practice and Hospital Pharmacy, Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Novel and Targeted Drug Delivery, and related Allied Sciences. Manuscript submitted to Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Natural Sciences (J. Pharm. Nat. Sci. or JPNS) are only accepted on the comprehension that (A) they are subject to editorial review (at last by two independent referees); (B) they have not been, and will not be fully or partially published elsewhere; (C) the recommendations of the most recent version of the Declaration of Helsinki, for humans, and the International Community guidelines as accepted principles for the use of experimental animals have been adhered to.
B-CRETA Publisher (CV. Borneo Citra Kreatama)
Analysis of Rhodamine B in Lipsticks Marketed in Wonosobo, Indonesia, Using Rapid Test Kits and UV–Visible Spectrophotometry
Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye that is commonly used as a colorant in the paper and textile industries. Rhodamine B is a hazardous dye that is frequently used as a colorant in cosmetics due to its relatively low cost and ability to produce more attractive colors. The use of Rhodamine B in cosmetics can be hazardous to health as it can cause cancer, respiratory tract irritation, eye irritation, skin irritation, and digestive disorders. The objective of this study is to determine the presence of Rhodamine B in lipsticks available on the market in the Wonosobo region. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative analysis in this study utilized a rapid test kit to quickly detect the presence of Rhodamine B in lipstick samples based on color changes resulting from the addition of reagents. Samples suspected of containing Rhodamine B were analyzed quantitatively using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of Rhodamine B contained in the samples. The results of the qualitative analysis using the rapid test kit showed that, out of 17 lipstick samples tested, 5 samples were suspected of containing Rhodamine B, namely samples 4, 5, 11, 13, and 15. Quantitative analysis using UV–Vis spectrophotometry revealed that the Rhodamine B concentrations were 0.1213 mg/g in sample 4, 0.0861 mg/g in sample 5, 0.0584 mg/g in sample 11, 0.0961 mg/g in sample 13, and 0.1082 mg/g in sample 15. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that several lipsticks suspected of containing hazardous dyes, such as Rhodamine B, are still found in the market and it urges the stakeholder to be more concerned about the dangerous ingredients in cosmetics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nova Andina, Dharmastuti Cahya Fatmarahmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Profile of the Use of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Outpatinets at the Lonrong Health Center, Ponre District, Bone Regency in 2023
Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative chronic disease characterized by impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin production and impaired insulin sensitivity. The use of diabetes mellitus drugs can cause problems if the therapeutic goals are not appropriate, one of which is due to the improper selection of drugs so that the therapeutic goals are not effective. This study aims to analyze the profile of the use of antidiabetic drugs in outpatients at Lonrong Health Center in 2023 based on the parameters of the right drug, the right dose, the right indication, and the right time of administration. This study is non-experimental research with a retrospective descriptive design. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The sample in this study is medical record data of diabetic mellitus patients in 2023 who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that of the 50 samples consisting of 41 women (82%) and 9 men (18%), the prevalence of age was dominated around > 60 years (38%). In the rational analysis of drug use, it was found that the indication accuracy was 100%, drug accuracy was 82%, correct dosage was 100% and punctuality of administration was 100%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sukmawati Sukmawati, Maulya Faradina, Ira Asmaliani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
In Silico Study of Phytochemical Compound from Daun Kluwih (Artocarpus camansi) as an Antidiabetic Targeting Aldose Reductase
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels. The most common type of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aldose Reductase is an enzyme that works in the polyol pathway. The polyol pathway is the pathway where glucose is metabolized by aldose reductase into sorbitol. The end result of this polyol pathway will accumulate in the tissue so that there is a disruption of the osmolarity of the basal membrane which can cause complications of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the activity of the aldose reductase enzyme must be inhibited, one of which is using chemical compounds so that complications such as cataracts do not occur. Tests conducted in this study include Lipinski's RO5, ADMETox, pharmacophore screening, and molecular docking. From the test results, it was found that the most potential compound in treating Diabetes Mellitus is Cycloartenol Acetate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinar Umaimah Radani, Ignasia Anindya Pintagratia, Anindya Nursanti Syaiful, Fahri Renaldi, Fachrizal Dwi Kautsar, Dhania Novitasari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Assessment of Sub-Chronic Toxicity of a Polyherbal Infusion of Peperomia pellucida, Moringa oleifera, and Biancaea sappan in Male Mice (Mus musculus)
This study evaluated the sub-chronic toxicity of a polyherbal infusion composed of Peperomia pellucida, Moringa oleifera, and Biancaea sappan in male mice. Thirty healthy male mice aged 6–8 weeks, weighing 20–30 g, were orally administered doses of 560, 650, and 1300 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days, with satellite groups observed for up to 42 days. Clinical monitoring and body weight measurements revealed no signs of toxicity or growth impairment. However, organ index analysis demonstrated dose-dependent increases in liver and kidney weights, and histopathological examination confirmed hepatocellular degeneration and tubular damage at the highest dose. These findings indicate that the infusion is generally safe at low to moderate doses, but prolonged high-dose consumption may compromise hepatic and renal integrity. The study provides important toxicological evidence supporting the establishment of safe dosage ranges for polyherbal formulations and contributes to the scientific validation of traditional medicine practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heldi Fadillah Akbar, Febrina Mahmudah, Islamudin Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Antibacterial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates Mountain Rice Wash Water (Mayas Rice) Against Propionibacterium acnes
This study aims to explore the antibacterial activity potential of fermented dragon fruit peel juice (Hylocereus polyrhizus) fermented using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from rice washing water (Beras Mayas). The process begins with the preparation of dragon fruit peel samples, which are washed, peeled, and mashed to obtain the juice. The juice is pasteurized and inoculated with a 5% LAB starter, with the addition of a 10% sugar solution before being incubated for 3, 7, 12, and 17 days at 37ºC. pH measurements were taken during fermentation, showing a significant decrease in pH, reaching the lowest value of 3.76 on day 17. The antibacterial activity was measured using the well-diffusion method with the fermented juice at a concentration of 100%, showing a very strong inhibition zone (>20 mm) against Propionibacterium acnes on day 7. The results indicate that the pH changes during fermentation are closely related to the antibacterial activity
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Arifuddin, Islamudin Ahmad, Arsyik Ibrahim, Baso Didik Hikmawan, Hifdzur Rashif Rija'i, Riki Riki, Erwin Samsul, Iswahyudi Iswahyudi, Arfina Sukmawati Arifin, Arfiani Arifin, Rezti Amanda, Laode Rijai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Toxicity of Extracts and Fractions of Bangkal Leaves (Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.) and Genjer (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch) on the Bioindicator Artemia salina Leach
A study was conducted on the secondary metabolite content and toxicity testing of Artemia salina leach larvae using extracts from Bangkal leaves (Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.) and Genjer plants (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch). The objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to ascertain the compounds present in Bangkal leaf extract and Genjer plant extract, and secondly, to assess the toxicity levels of the extracts and fractions from Bangkal leaves and Genjer plants on Artemia salina Leach larvae. In this study, the extraction method employed was maceration with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The crude 96% ethanol extract was fractionated in stages using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol solvents based on polarity levels. The toxicity testing was conducted using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, with Artemia salina Leach larvae serving as the bioindicator. A range of test concentrations were utilised, with each concentration having three replicates. The mortality of Artemia salina was observed after a 24-hour period and was analysed using the Reed and Muench method to determine the LC50 value. The results of the study demonstrated that the secondary metabolites present in the 96% ethanol extract of bangkal leaves com-prised the following groups of compounds: steroids, and triterpenoids, phenols, quinones, and saponins. The toxicity test results of the bangkal leaf extract and fractions yielded LC50 values of 418.79 ppm for the 96% ethanol extract; 716.14 ppm for the n-hexane fraction; 263.03 ppm for the ethyl acetate fraction; and 70,79 ppm for the extract n-buthanol fraction. Meanwhile, the toxicity test results of the genjer plant extract and fractions obtained an LC50 value of 490.23 ppm for the 96% ethanol extract; n-hexane fraction 551.31 ppm; ethyl acetate fraction 425.01 ppm; and n-butanol fraction extract 46.02 ppm. These results indicate that the n-butanol fraction of bangkal leaves and genjer plants have stronger cytotoxic activity than other fraction extracts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arsyik Ibrahim, Sealti Puji Salea, Sri Windarti, M. Rahmad Ramadhan, Hidfdzur Rashif Rija'i, M. Arifuddin, Laode Rijai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Alkaloid Profiling of Kadamba (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil.) Leaves through Chromatographic Separation and UV-Vis Spectrophotometery Analysis
Mitragyna speciosa Korth. berasal dari famili Rubiaceae yang banyak tumbuh di daratan negara-negara Asia Tenggara. Tumbuhan ini selain disebut Kratom, khususnya di daerah Kalimantan Timur dikenal juga dengan nama "Kadamba". Mitragyna speciosa Korth. belongs to the Rubiaceae family and is widely found in the mainland of Southeast Asian countries. This plant, known as Kratom, is also referred to as "Kadamba" in East Kalimantan. Kadamba has been used for generations as a traditional medicine and contains predominantly alkaloid compounds, which generally function as analgesics, antitussives, antidiarrheals, adrenergic agents, antimalarials, antibacterials, and antinociceptives. The aim of this research is to determine the isolation and identification methods for alkaloid compounds in Kadamba leaves. In this study, extraction was performed using methanol solvent, followed by fractionation using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) and Column Chromatography (CC) with gradient eluents: 100% hexane, n-hexane : Ethyl Acetate (5:1, 1:1, 1:5), 100% Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl Acetate : Methanol (1:1, 1:5), and 100% Methanol. The compounds were then identified using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The isolation process used preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC) with eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate: 25% ammonia (6.5:3:0.5 v/v/v), and the spots were observed under UV light at 245 nm and 366 nm. The visible spots were sprayed with Dragendorff's reagent to identify the alkaloid compounds. The results showed that the UV-Vis spectrophotometric characterization of isolate B6-b had two peaks at wavelengths of 288 nm and 294 nm.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Arifuddin, Fatur Rahman Azmi, Iswahyudi Iswahyudi, Mahfuzun Bone, Harra Ismi Farrah, Hanggara Arifian, Maria Almeida, Arman Rusman, Erwin Samsul, Riki Riki, Hifdzur Rashif Rija'i, Baso Didik Hikmawan, Junaidin Junaidin, Lizma Febrina, Rolan Rusli, Arsyik Ibrahim, Islamudin Ahmad, Herman Herman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
An Overview of Female Students Knowledge Level at Senior High School 9 Balikpapan Regarding the Use of Analgesic Drugs for Managing Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea is pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis that descends to the inner thighs and back to the feet. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of female students at SMAN 9 North Balikpapan regarding the use of analgesic drugs in treating dysmenorrhea. The method used is descriptive analytical research with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 232 female students who experienced primary dysmenorrhea were respondents in this study, who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through a questionnaire that measured respondents' knowledge and behavior in using analgesic drugs. The research results showed that as many as 49% of respondents had good knowledge and 74% of respondents also had good behavior regarding dysmenorrhea and analgesic drugs, but there were still deficiencies in appropriate drug use behavior. It is hoped that this research can increase female students' awareness and understanding of the importance of treating dysmenorrhea effectively, as well as the appropriate use of analgesic drugs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lely Parwati, Riski Sulistiarini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Uncovering Anti-Obesity Candidates from Robusta Green Coffee: In Silico Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds Targeting PPAR-α
Obesity arises from a chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, leading to excessive accumulation of body fat. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) plays a key regulatory role in lipid metabolism, particularly in reducing the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. Robusta coffee has been widely consumed as part of the lifestyle, yet scientific evidence for its pharmacological effects is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular interactions between secondary metabolites from Green Bean Coffee Robusta (Coffea canephora P.) and PPARα using in silico approaches. The workflow included screening compounds from C. canephora based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five (RO5) and ADMET predictions, followed by pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking simulations using AutoDock against PPARα (PDB ID: 2P54). All the bioactive constituents in C. canephora met the requirements of RO5, and several metabolites were assessed based on their pharmacokinetic profile and toxicology prediction. Further molecular docking analysis identified 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol as the most promising anti-obesity candidate, demonstrating the lowest binding energy (-4.58 kcal/mol) and an inhibition constant of 440.47 µM. The compound formed key hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues ALA333, THR279, CYS276, and CYS275. These findings suggest that 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol from Green Bean Coffee Robusta exhibits potential as an anti-obesity agent through its interaction with the PPARα receptor. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to validate its pharmacological effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bintang Satrio Mahardika, Viona Algesia Fiola Putri, Yolla Adellia Putri, Jasimah Jasimah, Kevin Gabriel, Agus Rusdin, Dhania Novitasari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Secondary Metabolite Profiles and Antibacterial Activity of Mitragyna speciosa Leaf Extracts According to Vein Color Variation
Empirically, the three distinct color variants of M. speciosa leaves (red, white, and green) vein are widely utilized and reported to possess varying therapeutic properties. This difference in efficacy is hypothesized to be a direct consequence of variances in their respective secondary metabolite profiles. Given the limited research comprehensively characterizing these metabolites and assessing the comparative antibacterial activity of the three variants, this study aimed to identify the secondary metabolite groups present in the red, white, and green vein leaves and determine their antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The methodology involved maceration extraction using 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing via the agar well diffusion method across concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. The negative control (96% ethanol) and positive control (chloramphenicol) were simultaneously utilized. The results confirmed that all three vein samples contained major secondary metabolite groups, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins. Differential antibacterial activity was noted: the red vein extract showed the highest efficacy against S. typhi, achieving an inhibition zone of 4.68mm at 10%, while the green vein extract was most effective against S. aureus, with an inhibition zone of 5.00 mm at 10%. These findings definitively demonstrate a difference in antibacterial potency across the M. speciosa vein variants, collectively affirming their significant potential for development as antibacterial active agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lizma Febrina, Baso Didik Hikmawan, M. Diva Adyma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Green Extraction of Eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia Using Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Combined with Microwave-Assisted Method
Background: Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is an endemic plant that has been utilized as a medicinal agent by communities in Kalimantan and Sumatra for an extended period. The entirety of E. longifolia, inclusive of its leaves, stems, and roots, has been utilized as a medicinal agent. The primary compound present in E. longifolia is eurycomanone, which is commonly found in the roots of the plant. Objective: This study aims to optimize the extraction of eurycomanone from E. longifolia roots using imidazolium-based ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl]) through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), applying response surface methodology (RSM) for statistical meodeling. Methods: A Box-Behnken design was employed to evaluate the effects of three independent variable including [BMIM][Cl]concentration, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio on eurycomanone content. Quantification was performed using a validated HPLC method, and model performance was assessed via analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The concentration of [BMIM][Cl] significantly influenced eurycomanone content (p<0.001), while extraction time and solid-liquid ratio showed no significant individual effects. The optimized condition yielded 0.4061 µg/mg of eurycomanone, closely matching the predicted value (0.3835 µg/mg). The model demonestreated good fit (R2 = 0.8135) and non-significant Lack of Fit (p = 0.6566), indicating reliable predictive capability. Conclusion: MAE using [BMIM][Cl] is an effective and environmentally friendly approach for extracting eurycomanone. The developed model provides a robust framework for process optimization and potential scale-up in phytopharmaceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esmeralda Dwi Puspita, Iswahyudi Iswahyudi, Welinda Dyah Ayu, Islamudin Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Review of Antihypertensive Activity of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)
Hypertension is a chronic disease in which blood pressure in the arteries increases. Hypertension is a health problem that has a risk of causing other diseases such as coronary heart disease, kidney failure, nerve dysfunction and stroke. Plants such as purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) are one of the plants that have benefits in treating disease. The purpose of the review article is to determine the potential of Portulaca oleracea L. as an anti-hypertensive. This research is a Review Journal. The subject of this review is national and international articles indexed nationally and internationally in the last 10 years which discuss the antihypertensive ability of Portulaca oleracea L. by classifying them based on the type of study and test model used in-vivo, the potential of the plant in lowering blood pressure, mechanism of action in treating hypertension, and specific chemical constituents responsible for anti-hypertensive activity. Based on the results of studies conducted on several journal articles, it can be concluded that Portulaca oleracea L. : 1. exhibits promising antihypertensive properties through various mechanisms, including vasodilation, reduction of heart rate, and improvement of endothelial function; 2. Clinical trials and comparative studies indicate that it can significantly reduce systolic blood pressure, making it a potential natural adjunct in managing hypertension; 3. exhibits multiple mechanisms that can help manage hypertension, primarily through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-regulating properties, 4. contains several bioactive compounds that contribute to its antihypertensive effects such as Asperglaucide (ASP), Oleracein E and Oleracein L, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Quercetin, and Rutin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizqi Nur Azizah, Bayu Putra, Asriani Suhaenah , Fadlina Chany Saputri, Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad, Abdul Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Pharmacognostic and Toxicity Evaluation of Tabar Kedayan (Aristolochia papilifolia Ding Hou) Rootstock
Tabar kedayan (Aristolochia papillifolia Ding Hou.) is an endemic plant from northern Kalimantan and is widely used as traditional medicine by the Dayak people. This study aims to determine the pharmacognostic profile and toxicity data of Tabar Kedayan rootstock. The results showed macroscopically woody stem type, round stem shape, grooved or serrated stem surface, yellow-brown stem color, weak characteristic odor, bitter taste, microscopically found starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, stone cells, cork cells, tracheids, and wood vessels. Fluorescence analysis under visible and ultraviolet light for Tabar Kedayan rootstock powder with different chemical reagents showed different fluorescence effects. Water content (0.466±0.01%), ethanol content (0.325±0.014%), moisture content (12.40±0.15%), total ash content (1.438±0.15%), and acid insoluble ash content (0.423±0.06%). Phytochemical screening of the chemical compounds of the ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. The levels of total polyphenols (15.095 ± 1.11 µg GAE/mg sample), total flavonoids (0.184 ± 0.02 µg QE/mg sample), and total alkaloids (0.056 ± 0.02 µg QAE/mg sample) were found. The brine shrimp lethality (BSLT) assay results showed the highest LC50 value by the n-hexane fraction with an LC50 value of 17.660 µg/ml.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seftya Ayu Lestari, Iswahyudi Iswahyudi, M. Arifuddin, Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo, Islamudin Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Antibacterial Activity of Kersen Leaf Extract (Muntingia calabura Linn.) Against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus Using Bioautography Method
Kersen (Muntingia calabura Linn.) is a plant with a large population in Indonesia. Thus, the abundance of this number can be used as a source of raw materials for medicine. Kersen has many benefits, especially in the leaves as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the extract yield, compound groups, and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity was measured using the well method and TLC Bioautography. The results showed an extract yield of 19.77%. The TLC profile identified flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and steroid compound groups. Kersen leaf extract showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus with moderate to strong antibacterial power at concentrations of 40%, 50%, and 60%. The groups of compounds suspected of playing a role in antibacterial activity are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids. This study shows that kersen leaf extract has the potential as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhea Nur Fadillah Maharani, Maria Almeida, Hanggara Arifian, Arsyik Ibrahim, Herman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Identification of paracetamol compound in traditional herbal medicine for muscle pain relief using thin layer chromatography - Densitometry
Traditional medicine consists of substances or formulations derived from plants, animals, minerals, and galenic preparations or mixtures of these materials that have been used for generations as therapy and can be implemented according to the norms applicable in society. The pharmaceutical chemical that is often added to herbal medicine for muscle pain relief is paracetamol. This research aims to prove the presence or absence of the chemical drug paracetamol in the herbal medicine for muscle pain relief found in the Koja District. A total of 10 samples were selected through purposive sampling from herbal stores within the area. The analysis was conducted qualitatively using color reaction test and quantitatively using Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry. Color reaction tests indicated that two samples were positive for paracetamol. Analysis using thin-layer chromatography indicated that 3 samples had Rf values ranging from 0.3-0.35, close to the standard Rf value. Based on the analysis results using Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry, the herbal samples that tested positive for containing paracetamol were identified according to the maximum wavelength of the samples that matched the maximum wavelength of paracetamol at 247 nm in samples (S5), (S7), and (S9). The TLC-densitometry method can be used to analyze the presence of paracetamol in traditional herbal medicine for muscle pain relief.
Traditional Herbal Medicine for Muscle Pain Relief;
Copyright (c) 2025 Dini Angelina Putri Aulia, Supandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Impact of Dietary Lead (Pb) on the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review
Lead (Pb), a toxic heavy metal, frequently contaminates food and beverages due to environmental pollution and industrial processes. This study reviews lead's toxic effects on the human gastrointestinal tract through a narrative literature review from credible databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. Findings reveal that lead concentrations vary by food type, processing methods, and storage duration. For instance, lead levels in preserved eggs range from 334-1782 mg/kg, exceeding the safe limit (0.25 mg/kg), causing nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Unwashed pears reached 18.5 mg/kg after 12 days, triggering similar symptoms. In contrast, grapes and vegetables showed low lead levels (<0.04 mg/kg) with no significant clinical effects. Food poisoning cases like contaminated candy in schools highlight the urgent need for strict monitoring. This review emphasizes strengthening food safety regulations, raising public awareness, and promoting further research to reduce exposure in the global food supply chain
Copyright (c) 2025 Erwin Samsul, Muhammad Choirul Muzaqi, Yotam Yotam, Mitosie Gunarsa Caesar Putra, Nur Adinda Mutiara, Jevon Ecclesia Gunawan, Muhammad Alif Rahman, Syifa Kamila Salsabila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Optimizing Sand-Based Biofilm Biosorption for Copper (Cu) Mitigation: Mechanisms, Optimal Conditions, and Environmental Implications
Copper (Cu) pollution from industrial wastewater has emerged as a critical environmental issue due to its toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence in aquatic ecosystems. Conventional methods for heavy metal remediation often fail to address the dual challenge of high costs and environmental sustainability, necessitating alternative approaches. This study explores the use of sand-based biofilms for the biosorption of Cu ions, leveraging the natural ability of biofilms to adsorb and immobilize heavy metals. The research focuses on optimizing biosorption conditions, including contact time, initial Cu concentration, and pH, while evaluating the broader impacts on water quality parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The experimental results demonstrated that biosorption efficiency peaked at a contact time of 1 day, an initial Cu concentration of 100 mg/L, and a pH of 8. At these optimal conditions, the biofilm achieved a biosorption capacity of 39.7 mg/L for Cu ions. Moreover, the treatment significantly improved water quality, reducing COD by 77.06%, BOD by 78.92%, and TDS by 30%. The mechanism of biosorption was influenced by the availability of functional groups within the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of the biofilm, which provided binding sites for Cu ions. The influence of pH was particularly notable, as it regulated the ionic interactions between Cu2+ and the biofilm matrix. This study not only confirms the effectiveness of biofilm-based biosorption for heavy metal mitigation but also highlights its dual role in reducing organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater. The use of sand as a substrate for biofilm growth adds an element of scalability and economic feasibility, making it an attractive solution for industrial applications. The findings underscore the potential of this eco-friendly approach to contribute to sustainable wastewater management, addressing both environmental and public health concerns associated with heavy metal contamination. Future research could explore the application of this method for other heavy metals and its integration into existing wastewater treatment systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Hedonic Test of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Extract Peel-Off Gel Mask and Gel Serum
The cosmetics industry is experiencing rapid growth as consumer awareness of the importance of safe and effective skincare products increases. This creates an excellent opportunity for natural ingredient cosmetics. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz has been proven to have bioactive activities, such as antioxidants and anti-elastase, which can potentially be used for skin care, such as preventing premature aging and maintaining skin elasticity. This study evaluates consumer preference levels for peel-off masks and Garcinia dulcis extract serums. The method used was a hedonic test with parameters of aroma, skin feel, texture, color, absorption, viscosity, and drying time on a scale of 1-5. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results were that 33.85% of the panelists were neutral towards the serum’s aroma, and 40% did not like the mask’s aroma. A total of 41.54% of the panelists liked the serum’s texture, and 33.85% of the panelists were neutral about liking the mask’s texture. The skin taste parameter showed that 58.46% of the panelists liked the serum, and 36.92% were neutral to liking the mask. The gel serum and peel-off gel mask colors were liked by 46.15% and 44.62% of the panelists, respectively. The gel serum’s absorption rate and the peel-off gel mask’s drying time were liked by 36.92% and 33.85% of the panelists, respectively. 33.85% of the panelists liked the gel serum’s viscosity. The statistical test showed significant differences in aroma, taste, and absorption (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the peel-off gel mask and serum of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz extract has good potential as a skincare product, although further development is needed to improve the aroma, taste, and drying time.
Toxicity Analysis: A Collection of Case Studies and Drug Management Strategies
Narcotics, Psychotropics, and Addictive Substances (NAPZA), are any compound or drug that can alter the central nervous system and behavioural patterns, that can also cause an addiction. Narcotics and psychotropics in itself can be categorized into 3 categories of narcotics, and 4 categories of psychotropics, based on their use as a medication and the possibility of an addiction. Since NAPZA can alter the central nervous system, the possibility of their toxicity needs more attention. This study is done to review the handling and the mechanism of toxicity of NAPZA. We used the narrative review method to gather information from various sources, including 3 websites, 1 book, 7 national articles, and 22 international articles that were published in the time span of 2014 to 2024. From the 11 cases of NAPZA toxicity, 4 were caused by narcotics, 4 by psychotropics, and 3 by addictive substances, with most cases were of drug misuse by the productive population. The main handling of narcotics toxicity were to secure the breathing function, oxygen supplementation, and the use of Naloxone as an antidote. While psychotropics and addictive substances poisoning were handled with the use of benzodiazepines, hemodialysis, or to increase the rate of drug elimination in the plasma.
Review of the Effects of the Abuse of Narcotics, Psychotropics, and Other Addictive Substances
The purpose of this study was to identify the forms of drug abuse and evaluate the impact of drug abuse in the community. This research uses a qualitative approach and is a descriptive study. This research uses the narrative literature method. This review process used the narrative review method by collecting literature from various sources, including scientific journals, government reports, and relevant conference articles, with the inclusion criteria being articles published within the last 10 years, in Indonesian or English, and discussing topics related to the impact or intervention of drug abuse. In the initial stage of searching journal articles, 17,083 articles from 2019-2024 with identified keywords such as "Drug Abuse", "Substance Abuse Cases", and "Psychotropic Abuse" were found. Of the collected articles, 25 journal articles met the criteria. The analysis was done descriptively to synthesize information based on certain categories, such as health impact and policy effectiveness. Based on the literature, the most common drug abuse included mephedrone, trihexyphenidil, LSD, and amphetamine. The results of this study indicate that the effects of drug use include agitation (30%), addiction (20%), hallucinations (60%), aggression (50%), euphoria (70%), and disorientation (50%). It is recommended to avoid using drugs because it can harm the body's condition.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nata de Coco Inserted Nanoparticles Zn-Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa oleifera) as Biodegradable plastic Banan Fruit Packaging
Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nata de coco inserted nanoparticles of zinc-moringa leaf extract as biodegradable plastic for banana fruit packaging has been carried out. This study aims to determine the characteristics, biodegradability and preservation activity of biodegradable plastic cellulose nata de coco inserted zinc nanoparticles-moringa leaf extract. The research process was carried out through the nata de coco synthesis stage, zinc nanoparticle synthesis-moringa leaf extract and the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. The success of this synthesis is evidenced by being characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR spectrophotometer and digital optical microscope. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis showed that the zinc nanoparticles formed had an estimated particle size of 85.72-92.92 nm and were stable. The results of FTIR analysis on Moringa leaf extract showed the presence of -OH, C-H, C=O, C=C and C-O groups. In the biodegradable plastic film nata de coco-NPZn-moringa leaf extract, there was a peak shift in several functional groups marked at the peaks of wavenumbers 555.50 and 432.05 cm-1 which are ZnZP groups. Characterization using a digital optical microscope showed that zinc nanoparticlesThe synthesis is spherical, non-uniform, and has been well distributed on the cellulose surface of nata de coco. Biodegradation test on nata de coco-NPZn-Moringa leaf extract biodegradable plastic film using activated sludge system, test results show biodegradable plastic can be degraded 100% for 15 days. Preservation activities show that packaged bananas are still able to survive up to 8 days of post-harvest storage period. These results show the effectiveness of biodegradable plastic preservation of nata de coco-NPZn-moringa leaf extract biodegradable plastic which is quite good.
Copyright (c) 2024 by the authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Activity Test of The Combination Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) and Soursop Leaf Extract (Annona muricata L.) on Decreasing Blood Glucose Levels in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common health disorders and its prevalence rate is increasing every year. Natural compounds can be an alternative treatment for DM. Previous re-search reports for papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) and soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) showed activity in lowering blood glucose levels when used alone. Therefore, in this study, the two samples were combined to lower blood glucose levels. Both leaves were extracted using the decoction method. This study aims to identify secondary metabolite compounds in papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) and soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.), then continued with determining the activity and effectiveness of lowering blood glucose levels. The results of the identification of secondary metabolite compounds showed several groups of compounds such as flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The combination of papaya leaf extract and soursop leaf extract showed a decrease in blood glucose levels. In more detail, EDPS 1:2 and EDPS 2:1 were statistically significant against negative controls. EDPS 1:2 showed the most effective percentage reduction in blood glucose levels at 22.72%
Effect of Drying Temperature and Storage Temperature Simplisia on Antioxidant Activity of Herbal Tea Sungkai Leaf (Peronema canescens Jack)
Sungkai leaves are plants used by the community as an alternative medicine in treating diseases such as malaria, fever, poisoning, and child spasms, as well as postnatal treatment where sungkai leaves are processed into herbal brew. This study aims to determine the best drying and storage temperatures based on the antioxidant activity of sungkai leaf herbal brew. The research method is drying with wind dry temperature, Oven (40oC), and Roast (80oC). Afterward, wind-dry drying was stored for 1 week at room temperature in, an incubator (35oC), and refrigerator (4oC). Then it was made into a brew and tested for antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The results showed that the best drying temperature antioxidant activity was obtained using oven temperature with an IC50 value of 16.76 ppm. At the same time, the best storage temperature was obtained in incubator storage with IC50 of 36.76 ppm.
Evaluation of Drug Related Problems of Antihypertensive Drugs in Inpatient Hypertensive Patients at the Latemmamala Regional General Hospital, Soppeng Regency for the January-March 2023 Period
Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmHg in two measurements taken five minutes apart at rest. Problems caused by drug abuse are called DRPs (Drug Related Problems). The occurrence of DRPs is known to have a detrimental effect on patient quality of life, increased mortality and high medical costs. This study aims to determine the incidence of DRPs and the types of DRPs that occur in hypertensive patients at Latemmamala Hospital, Soppeng Regency. This study is a type of non-experimental descriptive research conducted retrospectively using secondary data in medical records where samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. The results showed that of the 78 samples consisting of 42 women (53.85%) and 36 men (46.15%), all of which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, showed that the age prevalence was more prone to hypertension at the age of 56-75 years as many as 47 patients (60.26%). There were 46 cases out of 43 patients who had the potential to experience DRPs. The most DRPs that occurred were in the case of C1.4 as many as 26 cases (56.52%), then C1.1 as many as 20 cases (43.48%).
Hypertension Hospitalization Evaluation of Drug Related Problems RSUD Latemmamala
Evaluation of the Use of Anti-Diabetic Drugs in Outpatient Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang Regency in 2023
Diabetes Mellitus (DM), including a disease in the form of metabolic disorders characterized by impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin production and insulin sensitivity, causing an increase in blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). This study aims to determine the use of antidiabetic drugs which include the right drug, the right dose, the right indication and the right frequency of administration in outpatient type II diabetes mellitus patients at Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang District in 2023. This study is a non-experimental research with a descriptive design retrospectively. The sample in this study is all outpatients with a diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus at the Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang District in 2023. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The sample of this study is medical record data of patients with type II diabetes mellitus in 2023, which is adjusted to the inclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that of 87 samples consisting of 55 women and 32 men, all of which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and showed that the prevalence of age was more susceptible to be affected at the age of 46-55 years as many as 40 patients (45.98%). In the analysis of the accuracy of drug use, outpatient type II diabetes mellitus patients at the Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang regency in 2023 have an indication accuracy of 100%, 100% drug accuracy, 100% dose accuracy, and 100% accuracy frequency of drug administration.
Evaluation of the use of Antihypertensive Drugs in Outpatient Hypertension Patients at the Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang Regency in 2023
Hypertension is a complex condition in which blood pressure is permanently above normal. Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of more than equal to 140 mmHg and diastolic more than equal to 90 mmHg. This study aims to identify how antihypertensive drugs are used in hypertensive patients at the Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. This study is a non-experimental research with a descriptive design taken retrospectively. The sample in this study is all outpatients with a diagnosis of hypertension at the Lasinrang Regional General Hospital in 2023. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The sample of this study is medical record data on hypertension patients in 2023 which is adjusted to the inclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that from 83 samples consisting of 50 women and 33 men, all of which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and showed a prevalence of age that dominated around 58-65 years (49,40%). In the evaluation of drug use, outpatient hypertension patients at the Lasinrang Regional General Hospital, Pinrang Regency had an indication accuracy of 100%, 100% drug accuracy, and 100% dose accuracy.
Formulation of Air Freshener Gel Combination of Mint Leaf Essential Oil (Mentha piperita L.) and Lemon (Citrus limon (L) Burm F.)
Air freshener gel is a semi-solid fragrance product that uses carrageenan and pectin as gel-forming components to overcome unpleasant odors when in a room with high temperatures. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of carrageenan and pectin as gel-forming materials for air fresheners and the composition of the aroma comparison of mint oil (Mentha piperita L.) and lemon (Citrus limon (L) Burm F). The gel base was made with a ratio of carrageenan: pectin concentration of 1: 2; 1.8: 1.2; 2.5: 0.5 then the base was evaluated including organoleptic examination, stability test and gel hardness. The best base was then added with mint oil and lemon with a ratio of 1: 1.5; 1.25: 1.25; 1.5: 1 and the gel preparation was evaluated with organoleptic parameters, gel stability, gel hardness, liquid evaporation, fragrance resistance and hedonic test. The results of the study showed that the best base preparation after the evaluation of the base was a ratio of carrageenan: pectin concentration of 25: 0.5. Evaluation of the preparation with the addition of mint leaf oil (Mentha piperita L.) and lemon (Citrus limon (L) Burm F) to the base showed a value that was not too significant in the evaluation results. In the hedonic test, the formula with the addition of 2.5%: 2.5% mint leaf oil (Mentha piperita L.) and lemon (Citrus limon (L) Burm F) was the formula preferred by the panelists. So it can be concluded that the carrageenan and pectin combination room freshener gel with a concentration ratio of 2.5: 0.5% can be formulated as a base for room freshener gel preparations, namely producing a chewy and elastic gel base. The formulation of the most preferred combination of mint leaf essential oil and lemon oil as a gel fragrance is with a concentration of 2.5: 2.5%, because it produces a refreshing aroma
The potency of bioactive constituents in Piper betle L. for Alzheimer Targeting on Caspase-3 - in silico studies
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that can disrupt memory, cognition, and neurological functions, Recent studies highlight caspase-3 as a potential target, with several lines of evidence pointing to the enzyme's possible role in the onset of AD. Several findings revealed that betel leaf was also examined to treat AD by targeting acetylcholinesterase in vitro and in silico, yet no evaluation had not been done in caspase-3 activity. Using molecular docking, Lipinski's and PreADMET prediction, an in-silico analysis of compounds found in betel leaf (Piper betle L.) was conducted in order to determine whether these compounds could be applied as therapeutic candidates in the treatment of Alzheimer's. To ascertain the drug similarity and ADMET profile of the evaluated ligands, the Mcule and PreADMET sites were used in the studies, which were followed by the molecular docking simulation software AutoDock. The findings demonstrated that all the tested compounds passed the physicochemical features based on Lipinski rule. Further analysis then showed that arecoline bound to the critical amino acid that involved in caspase-3 inhibition. Further evaluation needs to be done to confirm the molecular mechanism of P. betle leaves to AD.
Activity antibacterial from honey kelulut (Trigona sp.) against bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis
Honey kelulut is derived from the kelulut bee (Trigona sp.), which is native to Kalimantan and belongs to the Trigona genus of stingless bees. The honey produced by the Trigona genus has a well-documented antibacterial property. Study objective accomplished. This text discusses the potent antibacterial action of kelulut honey. The antibacterial testing method employed is the well diffusion method, utilizing the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis as the test organism. An antibacterial test was conducted by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition against bacteria. The results were obtained from concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Then the resistance diameter was measured for each concentration. The most optimal outcomes were achieved in the antibacterial test using honey kelulut. The honey kelulut with an 80% concentration exhibited a medium resistance level of 10.2 mm, while the 100% concentration demonstrated a strong resistance level of 13.7 mm.
Effect of Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drug Use Education on Community Knowledge Level in Karampuang Village, Panakkukang District, Makassar City through The Mother Active Learning Method
Mother Active Learning (MAL) is an educational model of community empowerment to be more skilled in choosing drugs so that self-medication becomes more effective, safe, and cost-effective. This study aims to analyze the effect of over-the-counter (OTC) drug education on the public knowledge level in Panakukkang district through the MAL method. The research design used quasy-experimental, which is non-equivalent control group design. Sample was divided into control and treatment group consisting of 20 and 30 people. The data were analyzed descriptively by evaluating worksheets that were completed by participants. The analysis results found that the mean posttest value for the control group was 42.00 (SD=10.56), while the mean posttest value of treatment group was 84.67 (SD=10.74). Statistical tests found that there were significant differences between the mean values of both groups (p<0.01). Providing education to the community through the MAL method effectively increases knowledge related to the use of OTC drugs.
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